Terma te ndryshem ne Anglisht.

Termat ekonomike  në Gjuhën Angleze

UNIT 1

Innovation - a new idea or method.

Promotion - when someone is raised to a higher or more important position.

Public sector - the  section of the economy under govermment control.

Subordinate – a person with a less important position in a organization.

5 tools of manager (P.Drucket): planning (setting objectives, organising, intergrating, measuring, performance and developing people).

UNIT 2

Theory X - is the rather pessimistic approach to workers and working wich assumes that people are loyal and will avoid work and responbility if they can

Theory Y - on the contrary assumes that most people have psychological need to work and give the right conditions – job security, financial rewards they will be creative, ambitions and self-motivated by the statifaction of doing a good job.

Job security - knowing that there is a little risk of losing once’s employment

Wages - money paid (per hours or day or week) manual workers.

Unskilled - without any particular abilities acquired by training.

Job rotation - regulary switching between different tasks.

UNIT 3

Hierarchy of chain of command - a system of authority with different levels, one above the other e.g.a services of management positions whose holders can make decisions, or give orders and instructions.

Wikinomics - colloborating with people outside the traditional corporate structure, letting people around the world corporate to improve an operation or solve a problem and payng them for their ideas.

Matrix Menagment - to get round hierarchies is to use MM in wich people report to more than one superior, for example a product manager with an idea would deal directly with the manager responsible for a certaing marker.

Out  sourcing - transfering some of the company’s internal functions or operations or jobs to outside supplies rather than performing them.

Line authority - to give someone else responsbillity for d oing something instead of you.

UNIT4

The 3 cultural types are: Multi-active, Linear-active,reactive

Linear - active culture-Businesspeople in “linear-active” culture such as Britain, the USA and Germany are generally organized and rational try to act logically rather than emotionally plan in advance and like to do one thing at time.

Multi-active cultures – in southern Europe, Latin America and Africa attach moore importance to feelings , emotions and intuation and relationshops and connections, they are flexibile, good at changing plans and happy to improvise.

Reactive culture – people in reactive culture in Asia prefer to listen and establish the others position and then react to it.

Individualist - (Nuk e di L)!

Collectivist - believing that group is more important than individual.

Glocalization - thought based on reason and judgement rather than feelings and emotions.

Status – respect , prestige or importance given to someone.

UNIT 5

Recruitment – the process of finding people to join a company or organization.

Shortlist - list of people and things that you think kan be sweetable, for a job, prize, team etc.

Covering letter - a letter that you send with something , to explainwhat you are sending or to give extra informations.

Interviewee - a meeting in with some one asks another person, if he or she is sweetable for a job.

Interviewer – someone  who interviewer people, espcialy for a job.

UNIT 6

CRITICAL MASS – The number of people needed to start and sustain a change.

Outperforming – doing better than others , financially

Rerurn on the equity – the amount of money a company earns on the investment of its share holders.

Compulsory – required, obligatory,necessary according to the law.

Quota – an officially imposed number or quantity.

Complience – obeying laws or regulations.

Apprentices – trainees , people still learning their job.

Conver – someone who changes their beliefs.

UNIT 7

The primary sector – agriculture and the extraction of raw materials from the earth

The secondary sector – manufacturing industry in wich raw materials are turned int o finished products

The tertiary or service sector - the commercial services that help industry produce and distribute goods to their final consumers, as well as activities such as education, healthcore, leisure, tourism etc.

Real estare – land and buildings as property.

Labour – the workers in a particular country, industry or company.

UNIT 8

Inventory – is a company’s reservers of raw materials,pars,work in process and finished products

Plant – is a collective word for all the buildings , machines , equipment involved in producing and delivering goods or a service.

Outsourcing means buying products or processed materials from other companies rather than manufacturing them.

Economies of scale are the cost savings from large-scale production.

Lead time – is the time needed to perform an activity such as manufacturing a product or delivering it to a costumer.

Risk premium- the potencial cost of taking a chance.

Diruptive – causing trouble and stopping something from countinuing as usual.

Procurement – the obtaining of supplies.

Prosperity – the state of being successful and having a lot of money.

UNIT 9

Agile – able to move quickly and easily.

Estimate – a guess of what the size or amount of something might be.

Lean of production – using small quantities and avoiding ani waste.

Logistics - designing and managing the flow of goods , information and the other resources.

Pull strategies - are based on current demand.

Push strategies - are based on estimated future demand.

UNIT 10

Bountiful – getting rid of things wich are no longer useful or wanted.

Reworking – changing or improving a product or service.

Scrapping – to examine a machine and repair any faulty parts.

Warranties – guarantess: written promises to repair or replace product that develop a fault.

UNIT 11
Outlets – places of business for selling goods to costumer.
Product mix – all the different products, brands and items that a company sells.
Retailers – businesses that sell goods or mdshdus to  individual consumers.
Brand new recognition – the extent to which consumer are aware of brand and knowits name.

Market share – the sales of company expressed as percentage of total sales in  a given market.
Brand switcher – consumers who buy various competing products rather than being loyal to a particular brand.

UNIT 12
Distrubution channel – all the companies or individuals involved in moving goods or services, from producers to consummers.
Market penetration – the strategy of setting a low price to try to sell a large volume and increase market share.
Market skimming - making a product different from similar products offered by other sellers, by product differences, advertisting etc.
Product differention – dividing a market into distinct groups of buyers who have different requirements or buying hobits.
Product features – the attributes or characteristics of a product such as size, shape, quality, price etc.
Wholesaler - someone who contacts existing and potencial costuemrs and trie to persuade them to buy goods or services.

UNIT 13
Adversting  agencies – companies that desing adversting for clients.
Adversting  campaing – the statement of objectives that a client works out with an advertisting agency.
Target costumers – a defined set of costumers whose needs a company plans to statisfy.
Comperative-parity methot – choosing to speak with same amount an advertising as once’s competions.
Word of advertising – free advertising , when satisfied costumers recommend products to their friends.
Viral marketing – the amount of money a company plans to spend  in developing its advertising and buying nmedia time or space.